GwindPP

Wind Power and Power System Balancing A power system load and generation must be equal or within the allowed deviation for security reasons. Power systems operate either at 50Hz or 60Hz frequency.    The violation of the balance between power consumption/load and production/generation in a power system will alter the frequency and threaten the stability of the power system ( Basit et al. 2012).   European Transmission System Operators must maintain a real-time balance between generated and consumed electrical energy (Mott MacDonald 2013). Balancing responsibility for a power producer is to match the output of forecasted electricity in real-time (The European Wind Energy Association 2015).   Wind power generation is variable and production forecasts are not reliable, and the additional reserve capacity needs to meet possible net load changes (Sader 1993). There are two types of reserve services: spinning reserve and supplementary reserve. The...

Wind Power and Voltage Control The voltage level in a power system must be either constant or within a very narrow range as equipment of power system utilities and households are designed to operate at a specific voltage level ( Sourkounis & Tourou 2013).   In transmission lines, a mismatch in reactive power demand and supply will alter a voltage level ( Basit et al. 2012).   Wind farms can support the voltage level by injecting or absorbing reactive power (by generator and shunt).    Qin et al. (2018) proposed a decision-making algorithm for the Danish automatic voltage control system, which is to minimize the grid losses while maintaining voltage magnitude at an acceptable level. The result shows the reduction of power losses by the participation of wind farms in the automatic voltage control system (Qin et al. 2018).  

Grid Code Requirements for Wind Farms The capacity of wind power generation tends to grow globally.   Grid operators for safety and reliability reasons have new requirements as wind power capacity tends to increase.   The main requirements of grid codes for wind power generation are the following ( Basit et al., 2012):   1. Frequency/active power control Active power control is the ability to regulate the power output of a wind turbine ( Sourkounis & Tourou 2013).   2. Voltage/reactive power control Grid codes require that wind farms support the voltage level by injecting or absorbing reactive power ( Sourkounis & Tourou 2013).   3. Low voltage ride through. One of the main requirements of grid codes for wind power is a low voltage ride through, which simply means that wind farms must stay connected to the grid during a fault ( Basit et al., 2012).